THE DIFFERENCE DIALECT AS LANGUAGE VARIATION IN SPEAKING BAHASA INDONESIA USED BY FLORENESE STUDENTS OF POST GRADUATE PROGRAM OF GANESHA UNIVERSITY

VOXRATEWATI.Com. By Wara Cypriano

THE DIFFERENCE DIALECT AS LANGUAGE VARIATION IN SPEAKING BAHASA INDONESIA USED BY FLORENNESE STUDENTS OF POST GRADUATE PROGRAM OF GANESHA UNIVERSITY

Siprianus Wara, M.Pd

English Education Department, Faculty of Languages and Art

Post Graduate Program

Ganesha University of Education

ABSTRACT

Dialect is seen as a variety of a language that recognizes where a person comes from. The notion is usually interpreted geographically (regional dialect), but it also has some application in relation to a person’s social background (class dialect) or occupation (occupational dialect). This paper is going to recognize the aspects of difference among four dialects of Florennese using Indonesia language in East Nusa Tenggara Province. There are four parts of dialect as a language variation in speaking bahasa made by Florennese student such as; (1).Some syllables are omitted.In speaking way the florennese people ( Ende and Ngada) are always omit some syllables such as verb, personal pronoun. According to the data above, the Florennese students from Ende and Ngada has a similar way to omit the syllable in speaking bahasa in their communication or conversation. (2). Variation of Phoneme (speech sound) In phoneme, vowel [,] become [e] in consonant. Consonant trill [r] become approximant [“] in palatal sound [c] and alveolar consonant [d].[,][e]/ k-k. (3) Omitting of phoneme In this case, the Florennese speakers are always omitting the sound of consonant in the middle of vocal sound. From the sentences in examples above found that the Florennese speakers are always omit some phoneme in a word in the utterances they are produced in a conversation. The consonant sound is omitted when is begun with vocal sound. (4). Supra segmental feature The supra segmental features in speech community  in speaking bahasa in Flores has a specific features which is different with the other speech community especially in syllabic timing. The vocal sound [o] and [e] are changed into a long duration of sound such; [ou], and [eu] in a specific area of sound.

Key Words; Language, Variation, Difference Dialect,

INTRODUCTION

Flores is an island in East Nusa Tenggara province. According to Grimes et al. (1997) “A guide to the people and languages of Nusa Tenggara” are many languages in Flores and Lembata which are 28 different languages. This research the writers use 2  regencies which influenced by regional variation in using Indonesia Such as Ngada and Ende. The regional variation such as dialect and phonological production of the speaker. Dialect is seen as a variety of a language that recognizes where a person comes from. The notion is usually interpreted geographically (regional dialect), but it also has some application in relation to a person’s social background (class dialect) or occupation (occupational dialect). The word dialect comes from the Ancient Greek dialektos “discourse, language, dialect,” which is derived from dialegesthai “to discourse, talk.” Any variety of a language characterized by systematic diferences in pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary from other varieties of the same language is called a dialect (De Kuthy, 2001).

Everyone speaks a dialect {in fact, many dialects at different levels. The people who speak a certain dialect are called a speech community.

Some of the larger dialectal divisions in the English speaking world: British English vs. American English vs. Australian English (along with others), Northern American English vs. Southern American English, etc.

 British/American: lay by/rest area, petrol/gasoline, lorry/truck, minerals/soft drinks. A dialect is mainly distinguished from other dialects of the same language by features of linguistic structure—i.e., grammar (specifically morphology and syntax) and vocabulary. In morphology (word formation), various dialects in the Atlantic states have clim, clum, clome, or cloome instead of climbed, and, in syntax (sentence structure), there are “sick to his stomach,” “sick at his stomach,” “sick in,” “sick on,” and “sick with.” On the level of vocabulary, examples of dialectal differences include American English subway, contrasting with British English underground; and corn, meaning “maize” in the United States, Canada, and Australia, “wheat” in England, and “oats” in Scotland. Nevertheless, while dialects of the same language differ, they still possess a common core of features (O’Dell & McCartthy. 2012)

Although some linguists include phonological features (such as vowels, consonants, and intonation) among the dimensions of dialect, the standard practice is to treat such features as aspects of accent. In the sound system of American English, for example, some speakers pronounce greasy with an “s” sound, while others pronounce it with a “z” sound. Accent differences of this kind are extremely important as regional and class indicators in every language. Their role is well recognized in Great Britain, for example, where the prestige accent, called Received Pronunciation, is used as an educated standard and differences in regional accent, both rural and urban, are frequent. There is far less accent variation in Canada, Australia, and large parts of the United States (Ivic, 2014).

The dialect has a similar term is vernacular, which refers to the common, everyday speech of the ordinary people of a region. An idiolect is the dialect of an individual person at one time. This term implies an awareness that no two persons speak in exactly the same way and that each person’s dialect is constantly undergoing change—e.g., by the introduction of newly acquired words. Most recent investigations emphasize the versatility of each person’s speech habits according to levels or styles of language usage (De Kuthy, 2001).

This research is conducted the language variation of Indonesia used by Florennese students in post graduate students of Ganesha university come from Ngada and Ende regency. According to Grimes et al. (1997)

1.      Ende,alternate name Endeh Language

      Dialects: Ende and Lio

Language Classification: Austronesian, Central Melayo-Polynesian, Bima Sumba Ende Lio

Number in ethnic group: 87.000 including 78000 Ende and 9000 Nga,o

Location              : Central Flores, west of Sikka

Comment            : Dialect chain. Palu’e is on boarder between separate language or dialect of Ende and Lio

Religious profile : Christian

2.      Ngada, alternate language names: Ngadha, Ngada,Nad’a, Nga,da, Bajava, Badjava, Bajawa, Rokka.

Dialect: Central Ngada, Bajawa, South Ngada

Language Classification: Austronesian, central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba.

Location : South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ende and Li,o

Number in Ethnic group : 60.000

Comment : Dialect diversity

Religious profile: Christian

Research Questions

With regard to language variation, the present paper is going to answer the research question;

1.      What kinds of linguistic variation in speaking Bahasa Indonesia used by Florennese of post graduate students of Ganesha University?

2.      What are the effect of  dialect in convey the meaning of Bahasa Indonesia?

The Objective of the Study

The objective of this study is to recognize the aspects of difference among two dialects of Ende and Ngada regency in speaking bahasa Indonesia of post graduate students of Ganesha University.

The Significance of the Study

Theoretically, this present study will be useful for the researcher, the next researchers and Florennese especially the students from Ende and Ngada regency  in understanding the existence of language variation in Flores, East Nusa Tenggara..

Practically, the result of the present study will contribute to avoid misunderstanding between the students which has different dialect in their daily interaction.

 

THEORETICAL  RIVIEW

 

Varieties of Dialects

Geographic dialects

The most widespread type of dialectal differentiation is regional, or geographic Falk at al. ( 2010). As a rule, the speech of one locality differs at least slightly from that of any other place. Differences between neighboring local dialects are usually small, but, in traveling farther in the same direction, differences accumulate. Every dialectal feature has its own boundary line, called an isogloss (or sometimes heterogloss). Isoglosses of various linguistic phenomena rarely coincide completely, and by crossing and interweaving they constitute intricate patterns on dialect maps. Frequently, however, several isoglosses are grouped approximately together into a bundle of isoglosses. This grouping is caused either by geographic obstacles that arrest the diffusion of a number of innovations along the same line or by historical circumstances, such as political borders of long standing, or by migrations that have brought into contact two populations whose dialects were developed in noncontiguous areas.

Geographic dialects include local ones (e.g., the Yankee English of Cape Cod or of Boston, the Russian of Moscow or of Smolensk) or broader regional ones, such as Delaware Valley English, Australian English, or Tuscan Italian. Such entities are of unequal rank; South Carolina English, for instance, is included in Southern American English. Regional dialects do have some internal variation, but the differences within a regional dialect are supposedly smaller than differences between two regional dialects of the same rank. In a number of areas (“linguistic landscapes”) where the dialectal differentiation is essentially even, it is hardly justified to speak of regional dialects.

Social dialects

Another important axis of differentiation is that of social strata and economic change (Falk at al, 2010). In many localities, dialectal differences are connected with social classes, educational levels, or both. More-highly educated speakers and, often, those belonging to a higher social class tend to use more features belonging to the standard language, whereas the original dialect of the region is better preserved in the speech of the lower and less-educated classes. In large urban centers, innovations unknown in the former dialect of the region frequently develop. Thus, in cities the social stratification of dialects is especially relevant and far-reaching, whereas in rural areas, with a conservative way of life, the traditional geographic dialectal differentiation prevails.

Educational differences between speakers strongly affect the extent of their vocabulary. In addition, practically every profession has its own expressions, which include the technical terminology and sometimes also the casual words or idioms peculiar to the group. Slang too is characterized mainly by a specific vocabulary and is much more flexible than an ordinary dialect, as it is subject to fashion and depends strongly on the speaker’s age group. Slang—just as a professional dialect—is used mainly by persons who are in a sense bidialectal; i.e., they speak some other dialect or the standard language, in addition to slang. Dialectal differences also often run parallel with the religious or racial division of the population.

Dialectal change and diffusion

The basic cause of dialectal differentiation is linguistic change ( Ivic, 2014) 2014). Every living language constantly undergoes changes in its various elements. Because languages are extremely complex systems of signs, it is inconceivable that linguistic evolution could affect the same elements and even transform them in the same way in all localities where one language is spoken and for all speakers in the same locality. At first glance, differences caused by linguistic change seem to be slight, but they inevitably accumulate with time (e.g., compare Chaucer’s English with modern English or Latin with modern Italian, French, Spanish, or Romanian). Related languages usually begin as dialects of the same language.

When a change (an innovation) appears among only one section of the speakers of a language, this automatically creates a dialectal difference. Sometimes an innovation in dialect A contrasts with the unchanged usage (archaism) in dialect B. Sometimes a separate innovation occurs in each of the two dialects. Of course, different innovations will appear in different dialects, so, in comparison with its contemporaries, no one dialect as a whole can be considered archaic in any absolute sense. A dialect may be characterized as relatively archaic because it shows fewer innovations than the others, or it may be archaic in one feature only.

After the appearance of a new dialectal feature, interaction between speakers who have adopted this feature and those who have not leads to the expansion or the curtailment of its area or even to its disappearance. In a single social milieu (generally the inhabitants of the same locality, generation, and social class), the chance of the complete adoption or rejection of a new dialectal feature is very great; the intense contact and consciousness of membership within the social group fosters such uniformity. When several age groups or social strata live within the same locality and especially when people speaking the same language live in separate communities, dialectal differences are easily maintained.

The element of mutual contact plays a large role in the maintenance of speech patterns; that is why differences between geographically distant dialects are normally greater than those between dialects of neighboring settlements. This also explains why bundles of isoglosses so often form along major natural barriers—impassable mountain ranges, deserts, uninhabited marshes or forests, or wide rivers—or along political borders. Similarly, racial or religious differences contribute to linguistic differentiation because contact between members of one faith or race and those of another within the same area is very often much more superficial and less frequent than contact between members of the same racial or religious group (Falk at al, 2010). An especially powerful influence is the relatively infrequent occurrence of intermarriages, thus preventing dialectal mixture at the point where it is most effective—namely, in the mother tongue learned by the child at home.

METHOD

The method in this research is to analyze the language variation is conducted on post graduate students of Ganesha university. This research focused on Florennese students especially come from Ende and Ngada regency. The researcher want to know about the language variation especially dialect.The observation is done by researcher as personally and participated and using the bahasa Indonesia in conversation. Hudson (1980 in Wardhaugh, 1986, p.22) defines a variety of a language as ‘a set of linguistics items with similar distribution’, a definition that allows one to say that all the following are varieties: English, French, London, English, the English of football commentaries, and so on. The definition also allows us ‘to treat all the languages of some multilingual speaker, or community, as a single variety, since all the linguistics items concerned have a similar social distribution’. A variety can therefore be something greater than a single language as well as something less, less even than something traditionally referred to as a dialect. 

 Data and Resources

The writers choose the students of Ende and Ngada native speakers as informants. Each dialect of bahasa Indonesia they are used. Each regency was represented by two persons. The writer also as confirm each other as the different regency, one from Ende and the other one from Ngada. It makes the data collection are easy to understand and also recognize the different dialect as variation in speaking bahasa Indonesia as we practiced in daily communication.

Procedure of Data Collection

a.         Prepared some words comprising Verb, noun, adverbs, preposition, adjectives, question words and sentence of Indonesian Language (bahasa).

b.        The writer conduct the data collection by using conversation with the different topic.

c.         The data are recognized by making some notes as the purpose of the research

Research Instrument

Conversation was used to take the data from the informants. All of the informants are friends and it is easy to communicate each other using the different of their dialect related to the Indonesian words as used in communication or conversation.

Procedure of Data Analysis

1.        The lists of words of each dialect were tabulated.

2.        The dialect and phonology as regional variation were analyze into descriptive qualitative.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS              

Results

The following table presents the data of Phonology differences in Bahasa Indonesia.

a. Table of Phonological  production in a word

No.	Variation of  students from Ende	Indonesia	English	Variation of students from Ngada	Indonesia
1	Pigi	Pergi	Go	Pi	Pergi
2	Su	Sudah	Finish	suda	sudah
3	tida	Tidak	No/doesn’t/Don’t	Ti	Tidak
4	Mo	Mau	Want	Mo	Mau
5	Beso	Besok	Tomorrow	Beso	Besok
6	Masala	Masalah	Problem	Masala	Masalah
7	Bai	Baik	Alright/okay	Bae	Baik
8	Sa	Saya	I	Sa	Saya

b. Table of phonetic production in a phrase or sentence

No.	Variation of  students from Ende	Indonesia	English	Variation of students from Ngada	Indonesia
1	Sa pigi ke sekolah	Saya pergi ke sekolah	I Go to school	Sa Pi ke sekolah	Saya pergi ke sekolah
2	Dia su datang kemarin	Dia sudah datang Kemarin	He/she came yesterday	Dia suda datang kemarin	Dia sudah datang kemarin
3	Kamu tida  masu sekolah	Kamu tidak  masuk ksekolah	You don’t go to school	Kamu ti masu sekolah	Kamu tidak masuk sekolah
4	Dia mo beli baju	Dia mau membeli baju	She wants to buy a shirt	Di Mo beli baju	Dia mau membeli baju
5	Beso kami pigi main futsal	Besok kami akan bermain futsal	Tomorrow, we will play Futsal	Beso kami pi main futsal	Besok kami akan bermain futsal
6	Mereka tidak tau masalanya	Mereka tidak tahu masalahnya	They don’t know, what’s the problem	Mereka tidak tau masalanya	Mereka tidak tahu masalahnya
7	Bailah, waktunya selesai	Baiklah, waktunya selesai	Alright, time is over	Bae  su waktunya selesai	Baiklah, waktunya selesai

FINDINGS

The writers set as the research findings in this article such as;

Most of the Florennese students produce the four of dialect as a language variation as explained as followed;

(1).Some syllables are omitted.In speaking way the florennese people ( Ende and Ngada) are always omit some syllables such as verb, personal pronoun. According to the data above, the Florennese students from Ende and Ngada has a similar way to omit the syllable in speaking bahasa in their communication or conversation. (2). Variation of Phoneme (speech sound) In phoneme, vowel [,] become [e] in consonant. Consonant trill [r] become approximant [“] in palatal sound [c] and alveolar consonant [d].[,][e]/ k-k. (3) Omitting of phoneme In this case, the Florennese speakers are always omitting the sound of consonant in the middle of vocal sound. From the sentences in examples above found that the Florennese speakers are always omit some phoneme in a word in the utterances they are produced in a conversation. The consonant sound is omitted when is begun with vocal sound. (4). Supra segmental feature The supra segmental features in speech community  in speaking bahasa in Flores has a specific features which is different with the other speech community especially in syllabic timing

DISCUSSION

Based on the result of study above, it can make classification of part of words or sentences.

a.        Some syllables are omitted (Numbe 1 sentence of sudent from Ende and Number 2 students from Ngada)

In speaking way the florennese people ( Ende and Ngada) are always omit some syllables such as verb, personal pronoun.

According to the data above, the Florennese students from Ende and Ngada has a similar way to omit the syllable in speaking bahasa in their communication or conversation.

Example 1. Sa pigi ke sekolah. In this sentence the students from Ende omits some syllables, they are; syllables ya and er change with i become pigi

2. Sa Pi ke sekolah. In this sentence the students from Ngada also omits some syllables, they are; syllables ya and gi change with I become pi.

b.   Variation of Phoneme (speech sound)

In phoneme, vowel [,] become [e] in consonant. Consonant trill [r] become approximant [“] in palatal sound [c] and alveolar consonant [d].

[,][e]/ k-k

Examples; 1. Saya pergi pasar kemarin. 2. Mereka pergi bermain futsal besok. 3. Mereka tidak serius tapi bercanda

From the sentences above the Florennese speaker produce the sound vocal [,] with [e]. The omitting of phoneme happened into same way of speaking between Ende and Ngada. All the speakers say or produce the sound of phone is same.

c.       Omitting of phoneme

In this case, the Florennese speakers are always omitting the sound of consonant in the middle of vocal sound.

Examples; 1. Beso kami pigi main futsal. 2. Kamu tida  masu sekolah. 3. Bae  su waktunya selesai.

From the sentences in examples above found that the Florennese speakers are always omit some phoneme in a word in the utterances they are produced in a conversation. The consonant sound is omitted when is begun with vocal sound.

In the sentence; Beso kami pigi main futsal seharusnya Besok  kami akan pergi  main futsal. It means that the word besok omit letter k and pigi omit er become i.

d.      Supra segmental feature

The supra segmental features in speech community  in speaking bahasa in Flores has a specific features which is different with the other speech community especially in syllabic timing. The vocal sound [o] and [e] are changed into a long duration of sound such; [ou], and [eu] in a specific area of sound.

For example; Mengapa kamu berbuat begitu. In this example the vocal sound of [u] become [ou]. The speech community in Folres especially Ende and Bajawa produce the vocal sound as the same way. That’s very unique, because two regencies have the different language as the mother tongue.

IMPLICATION

The different dialect has a contribute in a variation of  Indonesia language as a reflect of multicultural, multi of local languages and also varieties of speech community in Indonesia. A Language just not the tool of communication but also a media of socialization, express the idea and reflect where are we come from.

 Based on the result and discussion above the implication of this research is how as the students have to  get the understanding, appreciating and respecting each other in daily communication. In speaking bahasa, the are so many dialect as a reflect of culture, region, geographical and also the speech community where are from we are. In education field, the students have more motivation to know the varieties of dialect such as in Balinese, Florennese, Javanese, Lomboknes and the other students when they produce in speaking bahasa in interaction or communication.

CONCLUSIONS

The explanation of findings and discussion above, the writer make the conclusion as describing of dialect of Florennese  especially Ende and Ngada regency in speaking bahasa. The Florenenese students produce some kinds of phonetic variation and also how do the variation it happened?. Some explanation done in this research as a result of discussion have faced before, there are some kinds of language variation made by the Florennese students of post graduate program of Ganesha University.

There are four parts of dialect as a language variation in speaking bahasa made by Florennese student such as; (1).Some syllables are omitted.In speaking way the florennese people ( Ende and Ngada) are always omit some syllables such as verb, personal pronoun. According to the data above, the Florennese students from Ende and Ngada has a similar way to omit the syllable in speaking bahasa in their communication or conversation. (2). Variation of Phoneme (speech sound) In phoneme, vowel [,] become [e] in consonant. Consonant trill [r] become approximant [“] in palatal sound [c] and alveolar consonant [d].[,][e]/ k-k. (3) Omitting of phoneme In this case, the Florennese speakers are always omitting the sound of consonant in the middle of vocal sound. From the sentences in examples above found that the Florennese speakers are always omit some phoneme in a word in the utterances they are produced in a conversation. The consonant sound is omitted when is begun with vocal sound. (4). Supra segmental feature The supra segmental features in speech community  in speaking bahasa in Flores has a specific features which is different with the other speech community especially in syllabic timing. The vocal sound [o] and [e] are changed into a long duration of sound such; [ou], and [eu] in a specific area of sound.

REFERENCES

De Kuthy, Kordula. 2011. Sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics 201, May 28, 2011

Ethnologue. 2013 (17^th Ed). Manggarai.

Eduard, Y & Mirahayuni, NK. 2011. A study on Manggarainese Consonant phonemes. Parafrase, Vol 11, No. 02, September 2011

Falk, O at al. 2010. Dialects, Cultural Identity, and Economic Exchange. Retrieved February, 20 From http://www.iza.org/dp473. 

Ivic, Pavle. 2014. Dialect. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc

McCarthy, Michael & O’Dell, Felicity. 2012. English Vocabulary in Use. Jakarta: Erlangga.

Therik, Tom at al. 1997. A guide to people and languages of Nusa Tenggara. Kupang: Artha Wacana Press.

Tans, Felix. 2008. Writing in Manggaraian: An analysis of a Tertiary Student’s Text. Linguistika, Vol. 15, No. 28.

Verhejen, J.A.J. 1967. Kamus Manggarai I: Manggarai-Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Verheijen, J.A.J.1. 1970. Kamus Manggarai 2: Manggarai-Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.

Verheien, J.A.J. 1995. Manggarai introducrion. Austronesian Dictionary: an 4 Parts. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. Part l, Fascicle l:585-592.

                     

www.ntt.bps.go.id . Retrieved February, 17, 2015

www.nttprov.go.id. Retrieved February, 17, 2015